Sleep Disorders in Older Adults: Diagnosis & Treatment

Sleep disorders—such as insomnia, disturbed sleep cycles, nightmares, and sleep-related anxiety—are common in older adults and can significantly affect daily functioning, mood, and overall health.

Diagnosis

Evaluation usually includes:

• Detailed sleep history (sleep timing, duration, nighttime awakenings)

• Medical and psychiatric assessment

• Medication review (some drugs affect sleep)

• Screening for sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, or underlying illnesses

• Sleep diaries or polysomnography (sleep study) if needed

Treatment

A combination of therapies helps improve sleep quality:

1. Sleep Hygiene & Lifestyle Changes

• Maintaining fixed sleep–wake times

• Avoiding caffeine late in the day

• Regular light physical activity

• Limiting daytime naps

• Creating a calm sleep environment

2. Cognitive & Behavioral Therapies

• CBT-I (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia)

• Relaxation training

• Breathing exercises

• Managing anxiety or intrusive thoughts at bedtime

3. Medications (Used Carefully)

• Short-term sleep aids

• Melatonin

• Antidepressants or anti-anxiety medications if linked to mood issues

• Avoiding long-term sedatives due to dependence and fall risk

4. Treatment for Specific Issues

• Nightmares: imagery rehearsal therapy, treating underlying trauma or anxiety

• Disturbed sleep cycles: light therapy, melatonin, structured routines

• Sleep anxiety: mindfulness, CBT, and reassurance-based therapy

Outcome

With proper diagnosis and treatment, patients typically experience:

• Better sleep quality

• Reduced anxiety around sleep

• More energy during the day

• Improved mood, memory, and overall quality of life